Sanmenxia basin is a small Cenozoic-dominated rift basin in the southern margin of North China Block, and 2D seismic and drilling work of oil and gas exploration has been conducted since the 1950 s. Significant progress was made in 2023, and three exploration phases were divided for 70 years of exploration, including petroleum prospecting and basic geological survey, public-benefit oil and gas geological survey, hydrocarbon breakthrough and resource potential assessment. In recent years, Paleogene hydrocarbon source rocks were identified in the southern basin through public-benefit oil and gas survey, and advanced understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation was obtained. Well Yuxiadi-1 was strategically deployed in Hanguguan structural belt to further evaluate oil and gas potential, and five oil-bearing layers were revealed through logging interpretation. Stable industrial oil flows were obtained during multi-layer testing, marking a historic breakthrough in Sanmenxia basin. Preliminary estimate of the basin's prospective geological resources has been made. Five critical insights emerge from exploration history and oil breakthrough. ① Meticulous field observations enable source rock identification. ② Integrated data analysis enhances fundamental petroleum geology research. ③ Cost-effective technical approaches have been explored, the anderstanding has been deepened and the cloubts have been verified; ④ Synergized geological-engineering integration accelerates discoveries. ⑤ Collaborative central government-local government-enterprise exploration model optimizes resource evaluation. As a representative of China's numerous under-explored medium-small basins, Sanmenxia's rapid transition from source rock discovery to commercial flow achievement boosts confidence for the neighboring basins like Weihe basin and the Southern North China basin, and provides valuable guidance and references for hydrocarbon exploration in structurally similar small-medium basins nationwide.

In order to identify the structural evolution, Paleogene sedimentary characteristics, and hydrocarbon conditions of Sanmenxia basin, the authors studied the structural evolution, fault development, and sedimentary facies characteristics of Sanmenxia basin based on the two-dimensional seismic interpretation, drilling logging data, outcrop features, experimental data, and other data. And the potentials for oil and gas exploration were discussed. The results show that normal faults under 3 active periods were developed in Sanmenxia basin. The first-period faults are basin-controlling faults at the end stage of Yanshanian orogenic movement. The second-period faults are basin internal control concave faults in the Himalayan period. The third-period faults are intra-basin tear faults in Pleistocene System. Sanmenxia basin has experienced five evolutional stages: Precambrian metamorphic basement and depression trough formation stage, Paleozoic transgression and orogeny stage, the formation stage of Mesozoic graben type faults basin, the development stage of Paleogene faults basin and basin finalization stage. Four sedimentary facies, including alluvial fan facies, meandering river facies, delta facies and lacustrine facies, 9 sedimentary subfacies and 15 sedimentary microfacies were identified. Organic carbon content of dark mudstone in Xiao'an Formation is 2.7%, indicating good material base for hydrocarbon generation. The distribution range of vitrinite reflectrance is 0.7%~1.1%, Hydracarbon Source rocks enter the main hydrocarbon production stage, and the organic matter type is mainly type Ⅱ with some of type Ⅲ, indicating medium-good source rock. The delta facies and alluvial fan facies lay the foundation for reservoir development, with the average porosity of 19.79% and the permeability of (5~150)×10^-3 μm², indicating medium porosity -medium low permeability reservoir with good physical properties. The source-reservoir-cap assemblage of lower-source and upper-reservoir model and self-generation and self-storage model was developed. It is speculated that the type of new source and old reservoir model is also developed, meaning it has material basis and geological conditions for the formation and enrichment of oil and gas. The industrial oil flow was obtained during the drilling of Yushandi No.1 well, which further confirms that Sanmenxia basin has certain potentials for oil and gas exploration.

The classification of current soil parent material types has not yet formed a unified standard. Diverse classification methods were adopted by various industries based on their own needs. To meet the needs of agricultural geological surveys in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao region, the authors in this paper took the perspective of rock-soil system as a whole and analyzed the soil characteristics developed from different rocks. A classification scheme for the soil parent materials was proposed based on geological conditions. The study shows that there is a close genetic relationship between soil genesis, development, properties and the physical and chemical properties of the parent rock. The differences in geological conditions are the main factors leading to soil differentiation, significantly affecting the development of ecosystems and the quality of ecological environment. Through the analysis of the rock weathering and soil formation process, 4 primary level classifications were established in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao region, including Quaternary loose accumulation parent materials, sedimentary rock parent materials, igneous rock parent materials, and metamorphic rock parent materials, and 26 secondary classifications were also identified. The classification scheme could more accurately and objectively reflect the material transfer process from parent rock to parent material, to soil and the differences in energy distribution on the earth's surface. And it has important practical significance for evaluating soil resource levels, developing and utilizing land resources according to local conditions, and scientifically and rationally managing the ecological environment.

Nitrate pollution could present in the underground water due to the human activities like agriculture, industry, residents and mariculture in coastal areas. In order to find out the distribution characteristics and sources of nitrate in the underground water of the coastal areas of South China, the authors in this paper took a typical coastal city-Zhuhai as an example. The mathematical statistics, ion ratio and principal component analysis were adopted to study the distribution characteristics of water chemical, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia nitrogen, and the sources of nitrate in the underground water. The results show that the underground water is mainly weak acid, and conductivity of deep confined underground water is obviously higher than that of shallow underground water. The chemical type of underground water is mainly Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺-HCO₃^- and Na⁺-Cl^-·SO₄^2- type. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) of pore confined groundwater in loose rocks is mainly composed of NH₄⁺, and the DIN of other types of underground water is mainly NO₃^-. Nitrate and nitrite exceed the standard in sporadic water samples, and the concentration of nitrate is relatively high in the water samples of hilly areas and intermountain valleys. The ammonia nitrogen of 18.01% underground water samples in loost rocks exceeds the standard, and the high concentration ammonia nitrogen water samples are mainly distributed in the coastal plain area. The chemical characteristics of underground water in the study area is mainly controlled by the weathering, evaporation and seawater mixing of silicate and sulfate minerals. Nitrate in the underground water is mainly from atmospheric precipitation and human activities. Nitrate in clastic pore fissure groundwater, granite metamorphic rook fissure groundwater and pore unconfined groundwater mainly comes from atmospheric precipitation, and agricultural activities. Nitrate in pore confined groundwater in loose rocks and carbonate fissure karst water comes from domestic sewage and mariculture wastewater. This research results could provide scientific basis for the development, utilization and protection of the underground water in the coastal areas of South China.

Renli deposit in Hunan Province is the richest and largest super-large pegmatitic tantalum deposit since the foundation of China. And it is rich in rare metal minerals such as tantalum niobium, beryllium and high-purity quartz raw material mineral resources. To understand the quality of pegmatition type high-purity quartz raw materials in this area and provide references for the comprehensive development and utilization of the mine, the authors in this paper carried out a study on the characteristics of quartz raw minerals, inclusions and impurity content in pegmatite, as well as a comparative study with vein quartz in adjacent areas. The results show that the quartz minerals in pegmatite in this area are transparent to semi-transparent, with an average SiO₂ content of 99.982%, and the total content of 14 impurity elements such as Al, B, Ca is 110.06×10^-6 on average in mineral samples. The average content of Al is 43.18×10^-6, and the average content of Ti is 4.90×10^-6. Under the microscope, the size of quartz grains are different with certain tensile deformation, and the surface permeability is good. Fifty percent of the grains have no fluid inclusions, and the inclusion type is H₂O-NaCl type with gas and liquid phases. The inclusions have various shapes, bright colors, and large individual morphological differences. The diameter of most of the inclusions is less than 4 μm, with the smallest individual being less than 1 μm and largest individual of being more than 32 μm. The area ratio of inclusions in the field of view is less than 5%. The high-purity quartz raw materials in this area have excellent endowment conditions and are excellent high-purity quartz raw materials. It is predicted that the potential resources of high-purity quartz raw materials in Renli deposti exceed 3 000 wt. with reinforcement of research on beneficiation and purification processes, it is expected to obtain high-purity quartz products of 4N8 and above. This research could provide references for the construction of high-purity quartz industry base in Pingjiang County and the development of high-purity quartz industry in the northeastern Hunan Province.

Deep-sea scientific drilling is the key approach to investigate the earth's interior. Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) has promoted the settlement of critical technical problems, and achieved the breakthrough of engineering technology and energy resources. The engineering technology research of deep-sea scientific drilling is of great significance for the exploration and exploitation progress of marine energy resources, and for the promotion of earth sciences and marine sciences of China. The engineering technology achievements of international deep-sea scientific drilling were summarized in this paper, and the achievements of deep-sea drilling technology and engineering support project by China Geological Survey were sorted. The research results show that comprehensive research of deep-sea scientific drilling technology were carried out, and a series of deep-sea drilling underwater engineering technology and equipment were developed. The drilling coring technology system was improved, and the drilling accident prevention and treatment technology was obtained. Besides, pre-research on key technologies for deep-sea ultra-deep well drilling was initiated, and a number of innovative research results and progress were obtained. These achievements have strongly supported the establishment of China's deep-sea drilling engineering technology system, and provided strong technical and equipment support for promoting earth system scientific research, which could provide references and guidance for deep-sea scientific drilling technology in China.

Jinzhou City is one of the largest crop cultivation cities, and the crop cultivation quality will directly affect the economic development in Jinzhou City. And the crop development is effected by the soil quality. In order to study the soil environmental quality and potential ecological hazards in the northwestern Jinzhou City, the authors took surface soil in Jinzhou City as the study object. The land quality geochemical assessment in the northwestern Jinzhou City was conducted based on soil data obtained from the 1∶ 250 000 geochemical survey of land quality. The geochemical grade of soil enviomment results show that most of the soil in the the northwestern Jinzhou City is in a risk-free state, but Cd has certain risks. The soil fertility characteristics of the northwestern Jinzhou City are rich potassium and low phosphorus and nitrogen. The comprehensive geochemical grade of soil quality in the surface soil of the northwestern Jinzhou City is mainly the third one, with an area of 8 037 km². The soil area of the second grade is 2 070 km², and the soil area of the first grade is 143 km². The geochemical characteristics of soil in the study area show that the Cd, Hg, Cl and Au is extremely mutant. This land is rich in Sr, Hg, Au, Mo, Cl and Cd, compared with land background value of Liao River Basin, and Cd is obviously higher than that in Liao River Basin. The soil type, parent material, and land use type could probably be the main influencing factors for Cd becoming a high risk of pollution. This research could provide basis for land resource planning, efficient and characteristic agricultural development, and ecological civilization construction of Jinzhou City.

In order to meet the application and promotion needs of universal geological disaster monitoring and early warning, the authors took the construction of 40 universal monitoring and early warning demonstration points for landslide hazard in Xupu County of Hunan Province as an example to introduce the entire process of the construction of universal monitoring and early warning demonstration points and the operation of the monitoring and early warning system. Forty monitoring and early warning demonstration points were selected according to the development characteristics, disaster modes, and disaster-causing features of landslide hazard in the study area. The universal equipment such as rain gauges, crack gauges, GNSS displacement meters, moisture meters, and inclination accelerometers were used for the professional detection of key indicators of monitoring and early warning demonstration points, including deformation characteristics, influencing factors and slide precursor. For rainfall and deformation, Pearson model and monitoring data analysis method were adopted to propose rainfall criterion and deformation criterion in the study area. And the monitoring and early warning model was established. The monitoring data were aggregated to the system platform, and the criterion model automatically triggered warnings to send warning information. Wanli landslide was taken as a typical case to analyze the monitoring deployment plan and monitoring data. The rainfall characteristics, deformation features of the landslide, and their correlation were provided in real time, and the effectiveness and early warning capabilities of the universal monitoring equipment were preliminarily demonstrated. The research results could provide technical support for the promotion and application of universal monitoring and early warning work, and it could effectively guide relevant departments to carry out emergency response work at the same time.

In order to explore the cause and prevention model of typical river-blocking debris flow disaster, the authors took Qingjia gully debris flow, a typical river-blocking debris flow in the middle and upper reaches of Fu river basin as a study case, and adopted the investigation, field measurement, and comprehensive analysis methods. Four main disaster-causing modes of typical river-blocking debris flow were summarized, including upstream inundation and secondary disaster, downstream flooding and secondary disaster, cross-shore erosion and inundation of the main river, and progressive retreat and siltation in the debris flow channel mouth. Two prevention and control models were proposed based on the fundamental characteristics and disaster-causing mechanisms of this type of debris flow. The first model is sediment interception and source stabilization in the middle and upper reaches, and original channel diversion at the mouth of the gully. The second model is deposition area channel relocation and control. The results show that both models have high feasibility at the technical level of disaster prevention. This study could offer new perspectives and methods for the prevention and control of river-blocking debris flow disasters, and has significant reference value for the prevention and control of debris flow disasters with similar characteristics.

Diaobei sag in the East China Sea shelf basin is characterized by a complex fault systems and multiple fault configurations, and there is little research on the whole fault system and its evolution. The distribution and evolution characteristics of faults in this area were systematically studied based on 2D seismic data, and the fault evolution model in Diaobei sag was discussed in this paper. The results show that the fault system can be grouped vertically into three fault systems, that is the lower(extensional), the middle(compressional), and the upper(extensional shear)fault systems, with the bottom of Oligocene Huagang Formation and the bottom of Upper Miocene Santana Formation as the boundaries. The fault configuration of the lower extensional fault system mainly include single fault type, same-directim stepover, composite horst stepover and other fault combination, which mainly formed in the rifting and say stage of the depression, and the faults controlled the development of sedimentary strata. The fault configurations of the middle compressional fault system are mainly Y-shaped, anti-Y-shaped and negative flower-shaped, and they mainly formed in the say and subsidence inversion stage of the sag. The strata have obvious characteristics of upper arch. The fault configurations of upper extensional fault system are mainly interlayer faults, with the banded and echelon distribution on plane. The fault formed in the subsidence stage of the sag, and its control of the formation is weak. Diaobei sag can be divided into western slope zone, central deep depression zone and eastern fault terrace zone according to fault styles and characteristics. From the perspective of fault evolution stages, the fault systems of Diaobei sag can be diveded into fault depression-say system, fault say-subsidence inversion system, and the regional subsidence system. This research could provide references for the petroleum exploration, exploitation and geology research.

The heavy industrial city is an important source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution. PAHs can exist in karst environment for a long time due to its unique underground space structure, which harms the karst ecosystem and human health. In order to reveal the characteristics of PAHs pollution in karst underground river in heavy industrial city, the researchers in this paper collected 6 sampling sites in Jila underground river pipeline strike in June (wet season) and December (dry season) in 2015, and added 1 sampling site in Xiangshui River during dry season. The results are as follows. ① The average concentrations of ΣPAHs in groundwater in wet reason and dry season were 267.32 ng/L and 350.59 ng/L, respectively. The PAHs were mainly composed of 2~3 rings in wet season and 4 rings in dry season, which were influenced by rainfall and physicochemical properties of each component. ② Jila underground river was affected by Liubei heavy industry, and its PAHs pollution level was medium. ③ The results of health risk assessment showed that only part of the risk index in dry season was higher than 5.0×10^-5, especially in the early childhood stage, indicating that PAHs had certain harm to the residents' health, but the harm was not great. ④ Through the follow-up tracking of PAHs in Jila underground river, it was found that the PAHs concentration in Jila underground river was in a relatively stable state in recent years. The environmental behavior research of PAHs in the multi-environmental media of heavy industrial cities and prevention of PAHs pollution to karst environment is not only an important content of environmental science research, but also provides scientific and technological support for industrial layout and urban planning in karst areas.

The groundwater environmental background value is an important basis for measuring whether the groundwater is polluted, and the groundwater environmental background value is an important yardstick for evaluating the sustainable development level of groundwater in this region. Five groundwater background value unit zonings were divided in this paper based on the hydrogeological and groundwater chemical characteristics of lateral seepage impact zone in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in Henan Province. The groundwater environmental background values and ranges of 8 groundwater chemical indicators in each zoing were calculated using mathematical and statistical methods. The results show that the groundwater background value of Zone Ⅳ in the Yellow River terrace is the lowest, while that of Zone Ⅰ and Zone Ⅱ on the southem bank of the Yellow River is lower. The background values of Zone Ⅴ on the northem bank of the Yellow River and Zone Ⅲ, where the Yellow River turns from east-west to south-west, are higher. The main groundwater types in the study area are HCO₃^--Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺·Na²⁺, HCO₃^--Mg²⁺·Ca²⁺·Na⁺ and HCO₃^--Mg²⁺·Na⁺·Ca²⁺ water. There are high background value areas for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄^2-, Cl^-, TDS and other indicators in the study area. The high background value area of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ may be caused by mineral dissolution and cation exchange, and that of SO₄^2- and Cl^- may be caused by agricultural non-point source pollution. The high background value area of TDS is caused by strong evaporation and concentration in this area. The Gibbs diagram shows that the groundwater in this area is mainly affected by the weathering and dissolution of minerals in the original strata, and is also affected by partial evaporation and concentration. The water quality distribution law of the lateral seepage impact zone in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in Henan Province was identified, and the understanding of the formation and evolution mechanism of groundwater quality in this region was improved. The research results could provide important support for maintaining the sustainable development of regional groundwater.

Due to the unique underground sand and gravel layer structure and large-scale development and utilization of underground space, road collapse disasters caused by underground disease bodies have occurred frequently in Chengdu City. The ground penetrating radar method was used to detect underground cavities and voids on both sides of municipal drainage pipelines in the central region of Chengdu City. The distribution pattern of cavities and voids and their relationship with subway shield construction were discussed. The results show that a total of 811 cavities and voids were identified in the study area, with the average clearance and volume of the cavity being 0.41 m and 1.86 m³, and the average clearance and volume of the void being 0.12 m and 0.52 m³. The risk levels of cavity and void were basically rated as level Ⅳ and level Ⅲ. One hundred and seventy cavities and voids were found near the subway line, concentrating on Subway Line 3. The overall distribution density of disease bodies in the area is 0.72 per km, the distribution density of the disease bodies passing through the subway lines is about 1.07 per km, and the distribution density of those not passing through the subway road is 0.66 per km. The disease bodies are mainly distributed in the southern part and the pore phreatic area with loose accumulated sand gravel layer, which is also the area with dense subway traffic lines. The river system has little impact on the formation of shallow disease bodies, indicating that the subway shield construction induces the formation of underground disease bodies to a certain extent, under the special environment of sand gravel layer. The research results can provide basis for monitoring, early warning, and treatment of urban underground disease bodies.