Abstract: In order to study the characteristics of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content under different degrees of human interference, the authors collected samples of soil, surface water, and groundwater from non-human-disturbed bare beach (Ⅰ), the high-beach farmland with mild human disturbance (Ⅱ), the farmland inside the levee with great human disturbance (Ⅲ) and the disturbance restoration zone of the old course of the Yellow River(Ⅳ). Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, potassium and other related physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The results showed that the soil physical properties in Ⅰ and Ⅱ zones were poor due to the high groundwater level and seasonal flooding, and it was not suitable for vegetation growth. In other zones, soil physical properties were improved due to the root action of vegetation and the activities of organisms and microorganisms. SOM and total nitrogen (TN) were seriously affected by the Yellow River seepage, and their content in Ⅱ zone was low due to the erosion of water flow. The TN content was high in Ⅲ zone due to human activities. TP and TK were mainly affected by the soil parent material, and were greatly affected by human activity in Ⅲ zone. The soil in I zone was mainly limited by P, and the other areas were severely limited by N. K、TOC and NO₃^- in groundwater exhibit significant spatial variation patterns along the lateral infiltration path of surface water. NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- content in some groundwater samples exceeded the standard. The composition of groundwater was influenced by both the chemical composition of the Yellow River and human activities. The relationship between N, P, K and human activity was studied during the circulation process of water-soil-groundwater, providing scientific basis for the protection of wetland ecosystem in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.